PARADIGMA BARU PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI MODIFIKASI CUACA DALAM UPAYA PENANGANAN BENCANA KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN DI INDONESIA
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Abstract
Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca (TMC) telah secara rutin dimanfaatkan dalam upaya penanganan bencana kebakaran hutan dan lahan (karhutla) yang terjadi hampir setiap tahun di wilayah Pulau Sumatera dan Kalimantan. El Nino tahun 2015 yang mengakibatkan bencana karhutla cukup parah telah memberikan pelajaran dan menjadi titik tolak bagi perubahan paradigma pemanfaatan TMC dalam skema penanganan bencana karhutla di Indonesia. Jika sebelumnya TMC dilakukan untuk tujuan pemadaman karhutla pada saat kejadian bencananya sudah sedemikian masif, maka setelah periode tahun 2015 TMC dilakukan lebih awal untuk tujuan pencegahan bencana karhutla dengan sasaran untuk pembasahan lahan gambut agar tidak mudah terbakar. Dengan pelaksanaan yang lebih awal di masa transisi musim hujan, hasil hujan yang diperoleh dari pelaksanaan TMC dapat lebih optimal dan mampu memperpendek periode kekeringan di lahan gambut yang rentan terbakar. Selama periode tahun 2016-2020, secara signifikan telah terjadi penurunan intensitas kejadian bencana karhutla dilihat dari berkurangnya jumlah titik panas, luas lahan terbakar dan emisi karbon di sejumlah provinsi rawan bencana karhutla di Indonesia.
Weather Modification Technology (WMT) has been routinely used to mitigate forest and land fires disaster that occurs almost every year in Sumatra and Kalimantan. The 2015 El Nino, which resulted in a severe forest and land fire disaster, has provided lessons and has become the starting point for a paradigm shift in the use of WMT in the forest and fire disaster management scheme in Indonesia. Previously, WMT was carried out for the purpose of extinguishing forest and land fires when the disaster was so massive. After 2015, WMT is put into operation in the earlier period, precisely during the rainy season transition period, for the purpose of wetting peatlands and, thus, preventing forest and land fires. The implementation of WMT can be more optimal and is able to shorten the drought period in peatlands that are prone to fire. During the 2016-2020 period, there has been a significant decrease in both the occurrence and the scale of intensity of forest and land fires. This study clearly indicates the decrease in the number of hotspots, the area of burned land, and the carbon emissions in several provinces that are prone to forest and land fires in Indonesia.
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