Analysis of Potential GHG Emissions from Tofu Industry and Its Mitigation in Indonesia Analisis Potensi Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca dari Industri Tahu dan Mitigasinya di Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Tahu merupakan salah satu sumber protein dengan permintaan yang tinggi di Indonesia. Saat ini beberapa industri tahu telah menggunakan peralatan-peralatan berbahan dasar stainless steel. Kondisi ini menunjukkan keseriusan industri tahu untuk membuat produk tahu yang higienis. Namun, produk tahu yang higienis saja tidaklah cukup. Persaingan pasar global menuntut sebuah produk tidak hanya memperhatikan kualitas, namun juga menjadi produk yang ramah lingkungan dengan ditandai oleh nilai emisi CO2 yang rendah. Sejalan dengan kondisi tersebut, maka studi terkait dengan perhitungan emisi CO2 yang dihasilkan oleh sebuah produk menjadi hal yang perlu diutamakan. Pada studi ini dilakukan penelitian estimasi emisi CO2 yang dihasilkan dari 1 kg tahu dengan menggunakan metode LCA dan menerapkan batasan sistem from cradle to gate, yakni penghitungan emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) dihitung dari penanaman kedelai hingga menjadi 1 kg produk tahu. Studi kasus dilakukan pada 3 industri tahu dan diketahui bahwa emisi GRK yang dihasilkan per 1 kg tahu berada pada rentang 0,35–0,5 kg CO2 eq. Faktor utama penyumbang emisi CO2 berasal dari air limbah hasil dari proses produksi, diikuti budidaya kedelai dan transportasi bahan baku kedelai dari perkebunan menuju ke industri. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi kepada industri tahu untuk mengurangi emisi CO2 yang dihasilkan dari limbah cair proses produksi tahu. Alternatif pengolahan limbah cair yakni dengan mengolah air limbah menggunakan sistem anaerobik guna menghasilkan biogas yang digunakan untuk kebutuhan memasak.
Kata kunci: Kedelai, Tahu, LCA, Emisi GRK, Limbah cair
ABSTRACT
Tofu is one of the protein sources with high demand in Indonesia. Currently, several tofu industries have used stainless steel-based equipment. This condition shows the seriousness of the tofu industry to make hygienic tofu products. However, hygienic tofu products are not enough. The global market competition required the products to take notice not only of their quality but also of environmentally-friendly products characterized by a low value of CO2 emission. In accordance with the condition, studies related to calculating CO2 emissions resulting from a product are necessary. In this study, we conducted research on the estimation of CO2 emissions resulting from 1 kg of tofu using the LCA method and applying the system boundary from cradle to gate, in which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were calculated from soybeans plantation to 1 kg of tofu products. Case studies were conducted on three tofu industries, and it was found that the GHG emissions produced per 1 kg of tofu were in the range of 0.35–0.5 kg CO2 eq. Three main factors contribute to CO2 emissions, i.e., wastewater, soybean cultivation, and soybean transportation from plantation area to industry. Therefore, this study recommends the tofu industry reduce CO2 emissions resulting from wastewater. The alternative is to treat wastewater using an anaerobic system to produce biogas for cooking purposes.
Keywords: Soybeans, Tofu, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), GHG emissions, Wastewater
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
JTL provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
JTL by PTL-BPPT is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL
References
Acharya, B. & Marhold, K. (2018). Determinants of household energy use and fuel switching behavior in Nepal. Energy, 169, 1132-1138.
Andarwulan, N., Nuraida, L., Adawiyah, D.R., Triana, R.N., Agustin, D., & Gitapratiwi, D. (2018). Pengaruh perbedaan jenis kedelai terhadap kualitas mutu tahu. Jurnal Mutu Pangan, 5(2), 66-72.
Anggraini, W., Zulfa, M., Prihantini, N.N., Batubara, F., & Indriyani, R. (2020). Utilization of tofu wastewater for the growth of red spinach (Alternantera amoena voss) in floating raft hydroponic cultures. Paper presented at Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment 2019. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1467, 012005, 1-8.
Arii, Y., Sano, Y., & Kaho, N. (2021). Direct comparison of the tofu-like precipitate formation by adding different coagulants: magnesium chloride and glucono-?-lactone. Heliyon, 7(6), e07239.
Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN). (1998). SNI 01-3142. Tahu.
Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN). (2016). SNI ISO 14040. Manajemen lingkungan – Penilaian daur hidup – Prinsip dan kerangka kerja.
Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN). (2017). SNI ISO 14044. Manajemen lingkungan – Penilaian daur hidup – Persyaratan dan panduan.
Blonk, H., Kool, A., Luske, B., & de Waart, S. (2008). Environmental effects of protein-rich food products in The Netherlands: consequences of animal protein substitutes. Available at: www.blonkconsultants.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/english-summary-protein-rich- products.pdf.
Borisade, E., Stanley, A.M., Dadu, D.W., Sani, I.F., & Abah, A.M. (2020). An appraisal of household cooking fuel consumption and their carbon related emission in Zaria Matropolis, Nigeria. FUTY Journal of Environment, 14(1), 50-59.
Brander, M. (2016). Conceptualising attributional LCA is necessary for resolving methodological issues such as the appropriate form of land use baseline. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21, 1816-1821.
Cao, F.H., Li, X. J., Luo, S. Z., Mu, D. D., Zhong, X.Y., Jiang, S. T., Zheng, Z., & Zhao, Y. Y. (2017). Effects of organic acid coagulants on the physical properties of and chemical interactions in tofu. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 85, 58-65.
Chaorlina, A., Setyaningsih, M., & Faruq, H. (2020). The utilization of tofu wastewater as an addition of nutrition in hydroponic media to lettuce growth (Lactuca sativa L.). IOP Conference Series. Earth and Environmental Science, 755, 012049, 1-6.
Chua, J., & Liu, S. (2019). Soy whey: More than just wastewater from tofu and soy protein isolate industry. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 91, 24-32.
Daalgard, R., Schmidt, J., Halberg, N., Christensen, P., Thrane, M., & Pengue, W.A. (2008). LCA of soybean meal. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 13(3), 240-254.
Darmawan, M.R., & Rahim, M.A. (2018). Pendapatan dan kelayakan usaha tahu di Desa Biak Kecamatan Luwuk Utara (Studi Kasus Usaha Ibu Titi Sugiati). Jurnal Agrobiz, 1(1), 28-38.
Dey, A., Kaur, S., Rasane, P., & Singh, J. (2017). Tofu: Technological and nutritional potential. Indian Food Industry Magazine, 36(3), 8-24.
Faisal, M., Mulana, F., & Gani, A. (2016). Treatment and utilization of industrial tofu waste in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 28 (3), 501-507.
Fitriani, N.A. (2019). Analisis nilai tambah pengolahan tahu di UMKM Tahu Sutra Miwa-Malang. Undergraduate Thesis. Universitas Jember.
Fukushima, Y., & Tan, Y.S. (2014). A systematic framework to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of carbohydrate-rich wastewater treatment with bioresource exploitation alternatives in small-and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Cleaner Production, 74, 171-182.
Hamerschlag K. (2011). Meat eaters guide to climate change and health. Washington, DC: Environmental Working Group. Available at: http://www.ewg.org/meateatersguide, accessed in July 2021.
Heller, M.C., & Keoleian, G.A. (2011). Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas analysis of a large-scale vertically integrated organic dairy in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(5), 1903-1910.
Indrawijaya, B., Paradiba, A., & Murni, S.A. (2017). Uji organoleptik dan tingkat ketahanan produk tahu berpengawet kitosan. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia UNPAM, 1(2), 1-7.
Karamah, E.F. Primasto, A.R., Najeges, R.R., & Bismo, S. (2018). Treatment of tofu industry’s wastewater using combination of ozonation and hydrodynamic cavitations method with venturi injector. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 1198, 062007.
Kurniawati, S.D., Supartono, W., & Suyantohadi, A. (2019). Life cycle assessment on a small-scale tofu industry in Baturetno village, Bantul district Yogyakarta. Paper presented at IOP Conference Series. Earth and Environmental Science, 365, 012066, 1-6.
Lay, C.H., Sen, B., Huang, S.C., Chen, C.C., & Lin, C.Y. (2013). Sustainable bioenergy production from tofu-processing wastewater by anaerobic hydrogen fermentation for onsite energy recovery. Renewable Energy, 58, 60-67.
Lin, S., Shen, S., Zhou, A., & Lyu, H. (2020). Assessment and management of lake eutrophication: A case study in Lake Erhai, China. Science of the Total Environment, 751.
Maksum, I.R., Rahayu, A.Y.S., & Kusumawardhani, D. (2020). A Social Enterprise Approach to Empowering Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(50), 1-17.
Mejia, A., Harwatt, H., Siegl, K.J., Sranacharoenpong, K., Soret, S., & Sabate, J. (2017). Greenhouse gas emissions generated by tofu production: A case study. Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition, 1-12.
Odey, G., Adelodun, B., Kim, S.H., & Choi, K.S. (2021). Status of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA): A case study of South Korea. Sustainability, 13, 6234, 1-30.
OECD. (2018). SME and Entrepreneurship Policy in Indonesia 2018, OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264306264-en.
Potter, H.K., & Röös, E. (2021). Multi-criteria evaluation of plant-based foods-use of environmental footprint and LCA data for consumer guidance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 280, 124721, 1-12.
Putri, A.M.H., Waluyo, J., & Setiawan, A.A.R. (2018). Carbon footprint analysis of modern and traditional tempeh production in Indonesia. Paper presented at International Symposium on Applied Chemistry.
Republika News, 2021, https://www.republika.co.id/berita/qugx3x383/pemerintah-rencana-mengenakan-pajak-karbon, accessed on June 15th, 2021.
Rosyidah, M., Masruri, A., Putra, R.A., Mayanita, & Ananda, Cindy. (2018). Analysis of environmental impact with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method on tofu production. International Journal of Science, Technology, and Management, 428-435.
Sabarudin, B.T., & Kartohardjono, S. (2020). The combination of coagulation-flocculation and membrane processes to minimize pollution of tofu wastewater. EVERGREEN Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences and Green Asia Strategy, 7(01), 56-60.
Sala, S., Cerutti, A.K., & Pant, R. (2018). Development of a weighting approach for the Environmental Footprint: Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Sally., Budianto, Y.P., Hakim, M.W.K., & El Kiyat, W. (2019). Potensi pemanfaatan limbah cair tahu menjadi biogas untuk skala industri rumah tangga di Provinsi Banten. Agrointek, 13(1), 43-53.
Sharma, R.K., Pallakonda, S., Raju, G., Sarkar, P., Singla, E., & Singh, H. (2018). An approach to evaluate sustainability of a production process based on its LCA and environmental impact analysis: A case study on a food product. Paper presented at International Conference on Materials Manufacturing and Modeling (ICMMM). Materials Today: Proceedings 5, 12467-12473.
Sitanggang, I.T. (2017). Analisis kadar logam kalsium (Ca) pada tahu dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri serapan atom. Undergraduate Thesis. Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Sriharti, Andrianto, M., & Fahriansyah. (2018). Production of biogas from organic waste and its utilization as an alternative energy source. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture, and Biotechnology (IJEAB), 3(3), 763-769.
Sukmana, B., Surjandari, I., Muryanto, Setiawan, A.A.R., & Wiloso, E.I. (2019). Global warming impacts study on tofu products in Mampang Prapatan Small and Medium Enterprises with Life Cycle Assessment Methods. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability, 3(2), 9-24.
Surya, B., Menne, F., Sabhan, H., Suriani, S., Abubakar, H., & Idris, M. (2021). Economic growth, increasing productivity of SMEs, and open innovation. Journal of open innovation Technology, Market and Complexity, 7(20), 1-37.
Thoday, K., Benjamin, P., Gan, M., & Puzzolo, E. (2018). The Mega Conversion Program from kerosene to LPG in Indonesia: Lesson learned and recommendations for future clean cooking energy expansion. Energy for Sustainable Development, 46, 71-81.
Venkat, K. (2012). Comparison of twelve organic and conventional farming systems: A life cycle greenhouse gas emissions perspective. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 36(6), 620-649.
Vidergar, P., Perc, M., & Lukman, R.K. (2020). A survey of the life cycle assessment of food supply chains. Journal of Cleaner Production, 125506.
Wang, F., Meng, J., Sun, L., Weng, Z., Fang, Y., Tang, X., Zhao, T., & Shen, X. (2020). Study on the tofu quality evaluation method and the establishment of a model for suitable soybean varieties for Chinese traditional tofu processing. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 117, 108441.
Wang, S. Wang, X., Miao, J., & Tian, Y. (2018). Tofu whey wastewater is a promising basal medium for microalgae culture. Bioresource Technology, 253, 79-84.
Zheng, G.H., Wang, L., & Kang, Z.H. (2010). Feasibility of biohydrogen production from tofu wastewater with glutamine auxotrophic mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Renewable Energy, 35, 2910-2913.
Zhu, H., Suzuki, T., Tsygankov, A.A., Asada, Y., & Miyake, J. (1999). Hydrogen production from tofu wastewater by Rhodobacter sphaeroides immobilized in agar gels. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 24(4), 305-310.